Lincoln’s Assassination

Elizabeth Keckly (1818–1907)
From The Civil War: The Final Year Told by Those Who Lived It

Interesting Links
“Mrs. Keckley Has Met With Great Success” (Joan Paulson Gage, The New York Times)

“Mary Lincoln’s Dress” (National Museum of American History)

Previous Story of the Week selection about the assassination of Lincoln
“The Giant Sufferer,” Gideon Welles

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Mary Lincoln’s purple velvet skirt and daytime bodice (1861–62), believed to have been designed and sewn by Elizabeth Keckly. Courtesy of the National Museum of American History. Right: A photograph of Elizabeth Keckly, circa 1861. Courtesy of the White House Historical Association.

In the days following the assassination of President Lincoln, the First Lady was comforted by a small circle of friends, including Elizabeth Blair Lee and Mary Jane Welles, the wife of Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. But no one spent more time with Mrs. Lincoln than did Elizabeth Keckly, a former slave who became one of the First Lady’s closest confidantes.

“My life has been an eventful one,” begins Keckly’s memoir, with considerable understatement. Born in Virginia, the daughter of the slave Agnes Hobbs and slaveholder Armistead Burwell, Elizabeth worked from an early age as a servant in the Burwell household. (Elizabeth did not know the identity of her father until she was an adult.) When she was seventeen she moved to North Carolina with the family of Burwell’s son, Robert, whose wife did not approve of Elizabeth’s demeanor and enlisted a neighbor to “break” her by repeatedly flogging her for several weeks. Subsequently another man, Alexander Kirkland, an alcoholic whom Elizabeth would later call her “persecutor,” raped and abused her over a span of four years. During this nightmarish period she gave birth to her son George.

By 1847 Elizabeth was living with the family of Armistead Burwell’s daughter (in fact, her own half-sister) in St. Louis, where she developed a reputation as a talented dressmaker. In 1852 she was allowed to marry James Keckly, a free black man, and she arranged to borrow $1,200 from the customers for her dresses and bought her and her son’s freedom. She built up her clothing business and, after paying off the debt, separated from her husband in 1860 and moved to Washington, D.C., where she quickly developed a prominent clientele, including the wife of General Robert E. Lee. One of Keckly’s customers mentioned her to Mary Todd Lincoln. As she recalled in her memoir, “Mrs. Lincoln had upset a cup of coffee on the dress” intended for party soon after the inauguration in 1861, “which rendered it necessary that she should have a new one for the occasion.”

Elizabeth Keckly became not only Mary Lincoln’s dressmaker but also one of her closest friends. Within a year they both lost sons to death. Keckly’s son enlisted as a white man in the 1st Missouri Light Artillery and was killed at Wilson’s Creek in August. While in mourning, Elizabeth cared for Willie, the Lincolns’ third son, who died of typhoid in February 1862 at age 11. Their shared grief appeared to have brought the two women even closer together.

After the assassination of her husband, Mrs. Lincoln moved back to Illinois and corresponded frequently with Keckly, often begging her to move to Chicago. But the friendship ended in 1868, when Keckly published the memoir Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House, which includes the account presented here, describing the days before and after Lincoln’s death. Although the book was intended in part as a defense of the unpopular former First Lady, both Mary Lincoln and her son Robert were outraged by the inclusion of private conversations and two dozen personal letters. Keckly sent numerous apologetic letters to Mrs. Lincoln, but the latter never responded and the two women never spoke again.

Note: The Library of America follows the spelling of Elizabeth Keckly’s name as established by Jennifer Fleischner in Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly. As Fleischner notes, although the last name is given as Keckley by many contemporary sources—including her own memoir and the excerpt reprinted here—Keckly herself always signed her name without the second “e.”

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